Which adaptation was crucial for Homo neanderthalensis in glacial climates?

The adaptation that was crucial for Homo neanderthalensis in glacial climates is a large nose to warm cold air. In extremely cold environments, having a larger nasal cavity can be advantageous because it allows for a greater surface area to warm the frigid air inhaled. This adaptation is significant as it helps to prevent cold air from cooling the lungs and causing respiratory issues, which would be vital for survival in harsh climates. The larger nose not only aids in warming the air but can also enhance moisture retention, preventing the airways from drying out, which is essential when living in glacial and arid environments.

This is particularly important for Neanderthals, who were well adapted to life in Ice Age Europe and needed efficient ways to regulate their body temperature and maintain respiratory efficiency while dealing with extreme cold. Their robust body structure, which includes a wider nasal aperture, suggests that they had adaptations that specifically propelled their ability to thrive in such conditions.